##Semi-Fictional Challenge to the JR368 Data Visualization Class at Emerson College, Spring 2015 Is there too much salt in the streams and rivers around Boston? Is it impairing aquatic life? The municipal government says it's fine. Residents say there's so much road salt that it's killing their lawn and impairing stream life. Community groups are advocating for testing. What's your strategy to find out the story? You find [myRWA online](http://mysticriver.org/) and contact Patrick Herron. Turns out there is a community already engaged in water quality monitoring and they have looked at various measuring options and found a [coqui sensor](http://publiclab.org/wiki/coqui) that is low cost, fairly easy and engages people around the data collection effort. You, as the journalist, jump on board that effort in order to tell the story of what's going. The device hasn't been used before to monitor water quality. Here is some research you have found regarding the threats chloride poses to freshwater systems: [MA Appendix H pp. 9-11 about chloride regulations](http://www.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/ma/2014AppendixH.pdf), [River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714017148), [Increased salinization of water in the Northeastern US](http://www.pnas.org/content/102/38/13517.full) ##How do you begin to research this scenario? List your group members & write-up your preliminary research below in at least 500 words. ###Group 1: Don, Catherine, Patrick - Look for road salt data in the Boston area - Find community groups that care about water quality - Where does drinking water come from in MA? - Where are some stockpiles of salt in Greater Boston? Group #?: Jess, Matt, Connor Who would we interview? -Companies that mine, sell salt -MassDOT officials who determine “salt-free zones” and where salt is distributed -Boston Public Works officials -Boston Water and Sewer Commission officials (Henry F. Vitale…) -Water quality officials -Watershed associations -Residents who live in proximity to salt storage areas -Scientists from local higher education entities that specialize in Environmental and Ecosystem Studies -As a side note: an expert on carbon emissions that could comment on the sheer amount of CO2 that is being released into our atmosphere just to salt the roads Summary: This boston.com article turned out to be a gold mine of information in regards to where road salt comes from, where it is stored, how it is distributed and how the overuse of salt can lead to significant environmental issues. The piece also linked to several journals/reports that were completed/sponsored by government agencies from the U.S. and Canada that showed how massive amounts of salt that is absorbed into snowmelt can affect river (or pretty much any waterway) ecosystems. Last year, “the Massachusetts Department of Transportation used over 585k tons of road salt, along with 27k tons of sand and 1.57M gallons of liquid de-icers to battle slippery highway conditions,” according to boston.com. Salt was imported from many countries, but was brought in from Cargill, Granite State Minerals and Morton Salt. Those companies submit bids to MassDOT to determine who will provide the incredible amount of salt that is needed. Based on this article and the sources it identifies, the business of salting our roadways, and even shipping and storing the salt locally, is wrapped up in a corporate atmosphere and treated like any other typical business deal. Notably, this isn’t necessarily a “bad” thing, but it just shows how the business of keeping our roadways safe can turn into an auction. According to Michael Dennehy, interim commissioner of Boston Public Works, told boston.com that there is approximately 80 thousand tons of snow stored in 8 different locations across Boston that are at the ready and constantly replenished. Besides the main storage area in Chelsea, where are the the other many caches of salt stored? Earlier in our summary, we referenced the government reports that were presented in the article. Here they are with the pertinent information copied and pasted below the link: http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2307&from#.VOKf_1PF-m1 Levels of chloride, a component of salt, are elevated in many urban streams and groundwater across the northern U.S., according to a new government study. Chloride levels above the recommended federal criteria set to protect aquatic life were found in more than 40 percent of urban streams tested. The study was released today by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Elevated chloride can inhibit plant growth, impair reproduction, and reduce the diversity of organisms in streams. The effect of chloride on drinking-water wells was lower. Scientists found chloride levels greater than federal standards set for human consumption in fewer than 2 percent of drinking-water wells sampled in the USGS study. “Safe transportation is a top priority of state and local officials when they use road salt. And clearly salt is an effective deicer that prevents accidents, saves lives, and reduces property losses,” said Matthew C. Larsen, USGS Associate Director for Water. “These findings are not surprising, but rather remind us of the unintended consequences that salt use for deicing may have on our waters. Transportation officials continue to implement innovative alternatives that reduce salt use without compromising safety.” This comprehensive study examines chloride concentrations in the northern U.S. covering parts of 19 States, including 1,329 wells and 100 streams. http://www.ec.gc.ca/toxiques-toxics/Default.asp?lang=En&n=D83D0535-1 Road Salts are used in Canada as de-icing and anti-icing chemicals for winter road maintenance, with some use as summer dust suppressants. A comprehensive five-year scientific assessment by Environment Canada determined that in sufficient concentrations, road salts pose a risk to plants, animals and the aquatic environment (Assessment Report - Road Salts). A Risk Management Strategy for Road Salts was subsequently developed to outline the measures that Environment Canada proposes in order to manage the risks associated with road salts. Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, the Government of Canada published a Code of Practice for the Environmental Management of Road Salts on April 3, 2004. The Code is designed to help municipalities and other road authorities better manage their use of road salts in a way that reduces their impacts on the environment while maintaining road safety. http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/Departments/SnowIce/WinterRoadTreatmentSnowRemoval/ReducedSaltAreas.aspx ##Group 3: Chelsea Tremblay, Amanda Gomez, Terrena Scannell Summary: _ "There's a lot of stuff in this snow that if I isolated it and threw it in the river, you'd have me arrested." -- John Lipscomb, member of environmental group Riverkeeper._ Record-breaking snowfall and a limited budget for snow removal has led public officials to consider dumping snow into the Boston Harbor. This practice was common before 1990 and the Boston clean-up initiative. Interestingly enough, other cities have already dumped snow into either the ocean or local rivers, including Salem, Marblehead, and Lowell, even though state laws prohibit such practices because plowed snow carries a lot of salt, oils, metals, and other contaminants. To approach this story, we searched for data on Boston Harbor’s water quality before 1990 to discover the effect of dumping snow into the Harbor. Luckily, the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority has maintained records of water quality changes since 1987 for their Boston Harbor Project. Their raw data is not available online so it would be important to contact them for the specific information we may need. For a second source, we consulted the Department of Interior’s report on the Boston Harbor which had data dating back to 1967. We can hopefully take these studies and compare their findings to the Harbor’s present quality. In January, the Eastern Salt Company’s Chelsea Terminal had a 40-foot tall pile of road salt, according to this Boston.com article (meanwhile, we are dealing with 20-foot tall snow piles). According to the same article, 585,000 tons of road salt was used last winter in Massachusetts-- 80,000 tons were used in Boston alone. Michael Dennehy, an employee at Public Works, was quoted saying “It’s mined from the earth, but you wouldn’t want to put this stuff on your fries.” Road salt isn’t processed to remove inedible chemicals and is treated with anti-caking chemicals, which raises concern for its presence in water that houses numerous wildlife plants and animals, and is a popular site for outdoor sports. According to this Boston Globe article, Massachusetts has recently adopted a new method of pairing a liquid de-icing agent with salt in the face of this winter’s developing salt shortage. Though many don’t find this threatening, Canada went so far as to label road salt as a toxin in 2004 and placed strict guidelines on its use. According to this article, “an estimated 40 percent of the country’s urban streams have chloride levels that exceed safe guidelines for aquatic life, largely because of road salt.” After completing our preliminary research, we would like to talk to different environmental specialists and advocates to get various opinions on the idea of dumping snow into the Harbor. For example, Bob Chant, a professor of physical oceanography and estuarine dynamics at Rutgers University said in an interview with Al Jazeera that dumping snow into the Boston Harbor wouldn’t be that detrimental because the Harbor already has 10 million tons of salt. It would be interesting to speak to him about this, and also someone who can potentially counter this argument--possibly someone at GoLocalProv. It would also be important to speak with locals and find how much salt they are contributing to the ground that goes unrecorded every year. Phillip, Shannon, Jennifer: The source of drinking water for the Greater Boston area is the Quabbin Reservoir. As for road salt, one main supplier for Boston and surrounding areas according to a WBUR article is the Eastern Salt Company located in Chelsea. 20% of their salt is shipped from Ireland and Mexico. The remaining majority comes mostly from a mine in a dusty, dry and windy region near Iquique, Chile. The mined salt is loaded onto trucks and driven 25 miles to the coast where it is shipped off. The Department of Transportation is spending $70.65 per ton on road salt this year, compared to $51.95 last year, according to WCVB Boston. According to the Boston Globe, 53,000 tons of salt have been spread on Boston roads since the beginning of the snow season. According to a report by the Department of Transportation, salt storage facilities are usually located at highway maintenance yards as well as at other intermediate points along the highway. According to Chemical Solutions, some of Boston’s road salt stockpiles are located on the waterfront since 1834. The official Massachusetts policy for salt use is - salt applied at less than 300 lb/lane-mi on state highways. According to the American Water Works Association in June 2014, Boston has the highest quality tap water in the nation (MassLive). Boston's tap water is considered "soft water" because of its low concentration of minerals like calcium. There are several groups in the Greater Boston area that maintain our water quality, including the Boston Water and Sewer Commission, Clean Charles River Initiative and the Mystic River Watershed Association. People to Interview: Official of the Quabbin Reservoir, how do they make the water drinkable? Eastern Salt Company, how does the salt affect the drinking water? American Water Works Association, what qualities do they look for when testing water?